When Background Geoprocessing is installed, Python 2.7 64-bit is installed in C:\Python27\ArcGIS圆410.3. When ArcGIS for Desktop (ArcMap and ArcCatalog) are installed, Python 2.7 32-bit is installed in C:\Python27\ArcGIS10.3. Windows however, is a gigantic pain to get this working on. Linux and Mac have this decently covered. Python packages can be built with and frequently do include C++ code.
All you have to do is open up a command line prompt and type pip install. Python maintains a library of modules anybody can automatically download and use. If you start venturing far into this world, you will discover a whole raft of great modules created by a healthy community of Python developers available through what is referred to as the Python Package Manager or as it typically known by the command line command, pip. If serious about getting volumes of data processed with ArcGIS, Python is far and above the way to get things done quickly. It is little secret I use a ton of Python to get tasks in ArcGIS done.
